Advanced Electrode Architectures

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Beyond composition, the mesoscale and nanoscale architecture of electrodes significantly influences electrochemical performance. Our lab designs electrode materials with hierarchical porosity, 3D conductive scaffolds, and tailored surface functionality to promote fast ion diffusion and robust electron transport. Using template-assisted synthesis, ball milling, and pyrolysis control, we engineer hard carbon structures for Na-ion storage with optimized turbostratic disorder, interlayer spacing, and defect density. Additionally, we explore composite electrode strategies—such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), carbon-metal hybrids, and binder-free architectures—that integrate structural robustness with high conductivity. These advanced designs are evaluated under practical areal loading conditions and extended cycling protocols to benchmark real-world applicability.